-
1 ♦ substance
♦ substance /ˈsʌbstəns/n.1 [uc] sostanza ( anche chim.); materia; contenuto; essenza: Iron is a hard substance, il ferro è una materia dura; illegal substances, sostanze illecite; radioactive substances, sostanze radioattive; to sacrifice substance for appearance, sacrificare la sostanza per l'apparenza; The substance is good, but the style repellent, il contenuto è buono, ma lo stile è repellente; the substance of religion, l'essenza della religione; in substance, in sostanza; in realtà; sostanzialmente; This is the substance of his remarks, questa è la sostanza delle sue osservazioni2 [u] consistenza; solidità; corpo; nerbo: This claim is not lacking in substance, questo reclamo non è privo di consistenza; ( di una diceria, ecc.) to be without substance, essere inconsistente; essere privo di fondamento; to take the shadow for the substance, scambiar l'ombra per il corpo; a style of little substance, uno stile privo di nerbo● (med.) substance abuse, uso di sostanze (psicoattive); abuso di sostanze. -
2 substance
مادّة (أوّليّة) \ material: the kind of matter of which sth. is made, or with which sth. is done: building materials (bricks, wood, etc.); writing materials (pen, paper, etc.); a hard rocky material. matter: the substance (solid, liquid or gas) of which anything is made. stuff: a material or substance: This cloth is expensive stuff. What’s this sticky stuff? Rice and sugar are foodstuffs. substance: a kind of material: Iron is a hard natural substance. -
3 مادة (أولية)
مادّة (أوّليّة) \ material: the kind of matter of which sth. is made, or with which sth. is done: building materials (bricks, wood, etc.); writing materials (pen, paper, etc.); a hard rocky material. matter: the substance (solid, liquid or gas) of which anything is made. stuff: a material or substance: This cloth is expensive stuff. What’s this sticky stuff? Rice and sugar are foodstuffs. substance: a kind of material: Iron is a hard natural substance. \ مادّة التَّسْقِيف \ roofing: material for roofs. \ مادّة التلميع \ polish: material used for polishing: floor polish. \ See Also الصَّقْل \ المادّة الخضراء في النبات \ chlorophyll: green colouring matter in plants. \ مادّة رملية كاشطة \ grit: small sharp bits of sand, stone, etc.. \ مادّة شديدة الاحتراق \ napalm: petrol in a form like jelly, burned over large areas as a weapon of war. \ مادّة صُلْبَة \ solid: a solid substance; not a liquid or gas. \ مادّة غِذائِيَّة \ foodstuff: sth. used as food. \ مادّة فُطْرِيّة \ mould, mold: a woolly (usu. white or green) growth that appears on old bread, wet leather, etc.. \ مادّة قِلْوِيّة \ alkali: a substance which acts with an acid to produce a salt. \ مادّة كِيمْيائِيَّة \ chemical: a substance used in chemistry or obtained by it. \ مادّة لاصِفة (فلورسنت) \ fluorescent: (of a substance) giving out bright white light when electricity is passed through it; (of a light) producing light by means of a tube covered with this. \ مادّة لَزِجَة \ slime: unpleasant soft sticky matter, such as wet mud from a river bed. \ مادّة مُبَيِّضة \ bleach: a substance for bleaching cloth. whitewash: a mixture of lime and water, used for painting walls. \ مادّة مُتَفَجِّرة \ dynamite: a powerful explosive, used for breaking rocks. explosive: (sth. that is) able to explode: Gunpowder is (an) explosive. \ مادّة مُطهِّرة \ detergent: a chemical product used for cleaning esp. clothing and dishes. \ مادّة مُلْصِقَة \ adhesive: a substance used for sticking: Is this a suitable adhesive for repairing a broken cup?. \ مادّة مُلَوِّثة \ pollutant: sth. that pollutes. \ مادّة مُلَوِّنة \ colour: material used to give colour (in painting, etc.): an artist’s colours. \ مادّة اليُود \ iodine: a chemical substance (found in sea water) that will prevent wounds from becoming poisoned. -
4 material
مادّة (أوّليّة) \ material: the kind of matter of which sth. is made, or with which sth. is done: building materials (bricks, wood, etc.); writing materials (pen, paper, etc.); a hard rocky material. matter: the substance (solid, liquid or gas) of which anything is made. stuff: a material or substance: This cloth is expensive stuff. What’s this sticky stuff? Rice and sugar are foodstuffs. substance: a kind of material: Iron is a hard natural substance. -
5 matter
مادّة (أوّليّة) \ material: the kind of matter of which sth. is made, or with which sth. is done: building materials (bricks, wood, etc.); writing materials (pen, paper, etc.); a hard rocky material. matter: the substance (solid, liquid or gas) of which anything is made. stuff: a material or substance: This cloth is expensive stuff. What’s this sticky stuff? Rice and sugar are foodstuffs. substance: a kind of material: Iron is a hard natural substance. -
6 stuff
مادّة (أوّليّة) \ material: the kind of matter of which sth. is made, or with which sth. is done: building materials (bricks, wood, etc.); writing materials (pen, paper, etc.); a hard rocky material. matter: the substance (solid, liquid or gas) of which anything is made. stuff: a material or substance: This cloth is expensive stuff. What’s this sticky stuff? Rice and sugar are foodstuffs. substance: a kind of material: Iron is a hard natural substance. -
7 grate
1. n решётка2. n каминная решётка3. n камин4. n тех. колосниковая решётка5. n горн. грохот6. n стр. ростверк7. v заделывать или загораживать решёткой8. v тереть на тёрке; растирать9. v тереть, скрести с резким звукомto grate one hard substance against another — тереть с резким звуком два твёрдых предмета друг о друга
10. v скрежетать; скрипеть11. v скрипеть12. v быть скрипучим13. v раздражать, раздражающе действоватьgrate on — раздражать; раздражить
Синонимический ряд:1. bars (noun) bars; lattice; screen2. metal bars (noun) andiron; firebox; firepot; grating; gridiron; hearth; iron slats; metal bars; stove3. irk (verb) annoy; irk; nettle; peeve; rankle; rub one the wrong way; vex4. irritate (verb) aggravate; burn up; exasperate; gall; get; huff; inflame; irritate; pique; provoke; put out; rile; roil5. rub (verb) abrade; grind; rasp; rub; scour; scrape; scratch; shredАнтонимический ряд:glide; soothe -
8 معدن
مَعْدِن \ metal: a mineral substance such as iron, silver, etc.. mineral: any natural substance that may be obtained from the earth (coal, gold, sand, oil, gas, etc.). \ كالمَعْدِن \ metallic: of metal; like metal: metallic colours; a metallic sound. \ مَعْدِن البلاتين \ platinum: a hard and valuable silvery metal, much used in jewellery. \ مَعْدِن التَّنْجستِن \ tungsten: a valuable grey-white metal used to strengthen steel. \ مَعْدِن خام \ ore: a kind of rock from which metal can be obtained: gold ore; iron ore. \ مَعْدِن الرّادْيُوم \ radium: a powerful radioactive metal that can be used for treating some diseases. \ مَعْدِن الرَّصاص \ lead: a soft heavy metal. \ مَعْدِن الكُرُوم \ chromium: a metal that makes a shining surface on other metals, used esp. on cars. \ مَعْدِن المَغْنِيزْيُوم \ magnesium: a silvery-white metal that burns with a bright light. \ مَعْدِن النِّيكَل \ nickel: a hard silvery metal, used for making coins, spoons, etc.. \ مَعْدِن اليُورانيوم \ uranium: a metal that provides atomic power. -
9 Bessemer, Sir Henry
SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy[br]b. 19 January 1813 Charlton (near Hitchin), Hertfordshire, Englandd. 15 January 1898 Denmark Hill, London, England[br]English inventor of the Bessemer steelmaking process.[br]The most valuable part of Bessemer's education took place in the workshop of his inventor father. At the age of only 17 he went to London to seek his fortune and set himself up in the trade of casting art works in white metal. He went on to the embossing of metals and other materials and this led to his first major invention, whereby a date was incorporated in the die for embossing seals, thus preventing the wholesale forgeries that had previously been committed. For this, a grateful Government promised Bessemer a paid position, a promise that was never kept; recognition came only in 1879 with a belated knighthood. Bessemer turned to other inventions, mainly in metalworking, including a process for making bronze powder and gold paint. After he had overcome technical problems, the process became highly profitable, earning him a considerable income during the forty years it was in use.The Crimean War presented inventors such as Bessemer with a challenge when weaknesses in the iron used to make the cannon became apparent. In 1856, at his Baxter House premises in St Paneras, London, he tried fusing cast iron with steel. Noticing the effect of an air current on the molten mixture, he constructed a reaction vessel or converter in which air was blown through molten cast iron. There was a vigorous reaction which nearly burned the house down, and Bessemer found the iron to be almost completely decarburized, without the slag threads always present in wrought iron. Bessemer had in fact invented not only a new process but a new material, mild steel. His paper "On the manufacture of malleable iron and steel without fuel" at the British Association meeting in Cheltenham later that year created a stir. Bessemer was courted by ironmasters to license the process. However, success was short-lived, for they found that phosphorus in the original iron ore passed into the metal and rendered it useless. By chance, Bessemer had used in his trials pig-iron, derived from haematite, a phosphorus-free ore. Bessemer tried hard to overcome the problem, but lacking chemical knowledge he resigned himself to limiting his process to this kind of pig-iron. This limitation was removed in 1879 by Sidney Gilchrist Thomas, who substituted a chemically basic lining in the converter in place of the acid lining used by Bessemer. This reacted with the phosphorus to form a substance that could be tapped off with the slag, leaving the steel free from this harmful element. Even so, the new material had begun to be applied in engineering, especially for railways. The open-hearth process developed by Siemens and the Martin brothers complemented rather than competed with Bessemer steel. The widespread use of the two processes had a revolutionary effect on mechanical and structural engineering and earned Bessemer around £1 million in royalties before the patents expired.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsKnighted 1879. FRS 1879. Royal Society of Arts Albert Gold Medal 1872.Bibliography1905, Sir Henry Bessemer FRS: An Autobiography, London.LRD -
10 वज्र
vájram. n. « the hard orᅠ mighty one», a thunderbolt (esp. that of Indra, said to have been formed out of the bones of the Ṛishi Dadhīca orᅠ Dadhīci <q.v.>, andᅠ shaped like a circular discus, orᅠ in later times regarded as having the form of two transverse bolts crossing each other thus;
sometimes alsoᅠ applied to similar weapons used by various gods orᅠ superhuman beings, orᅠ to any mythical weapon destructive of spells orᅠ charms, alsoᅠ to manyu, « wrath» RV. orᅠ <with apām> to a jet of water AV. etc. etc.;
alsoᅠ applied to a thunderbolt in general orᅠ to the lightning evolved from the centrifugal energy of the circular thunderbolt of Indra when launched at a foe;
in Northern Buddhist countries it is shaped like a dumb-bell andᅠ called Dorje;
seeᅠ MWB. 201; 322 etc..) RV. etc. etc.;
a diamond (thought to be as hard as the thunderbolt orᅠ of the same substance with it), ShadvBr. Mn. MBh. etc.;
a kind of talc L. ;
a kind of penance (feeding for a month on only barley prepared with cow's urine) L. ;
sour gruel W. ;
m. a form of military array, Mni. MBh. etc. (cf. - vyūha);
a kind of column orᅠ pillar VarBṛS. ;
a partic. form of the moon ib. ;
a partic. Ekāha, Vtit.;
a kind of hard mortar orᅠ cement ( kalka) VarBṛS. (cf. - lepa);
N. of the 15th of the 27 Yogas. orᅠ astronomical divisions of time ib. ;
a partic. Soma ceremony ShaḍvBr. ;
Euphorbia Antiquorum andᅠ another species L. ;
Astera L. ;
N. of a mountain R. ;
of an Asura Virac. ;
of a son of Aniruddha MBh. Hariv. Pur. ;
of a son of Vilvamitra MBh. ;
of a son of Manu Slvarṇa Hariv. ;
(with Jainas) of one of the 10 Dala-pūrvins L. ;
of a Ṛishi VarBṛS. (v.l. for vātsya);
of a minister of Narendrāditya Rājat. ;
of a son of Bhūti ib. ;
of a heretical king Buddh. ;
(ā) f. Cocculus Cordifolius L. ;
Euphorbia Antiquorum orᅠ Tirucalli L. N. of Durgā, DeviP.;
of a daughter of Vaisvanara VP. ;
(ī) f. a kind of Euphorbia L. ;
n. denunciation in strong language (compared to thunder) R. Sāh. Pratāp. (cf. vākya- andᅠ vāg-v-);
a kind of hard iron orᅠ steel L. ;
a partic. posture in sitting Cat. (cf. vajrâ̱sana);
N. of a partic. configurations of the planets andᅠ stars (in which favourable planets are situated in the 1st andᅠ 7th houses andᅠ unfavourable in the 4th andᅠ 10th) VarBṛS. ;
myrobolan L. ;
the blossom of the sesamum orᅠ of any plant called Vajra L. ;
Andropogon Muricatus L. ;
= bālaka, a child, pupil L. ;
mfn. adamantine, hard, impenetrable W. ;
shaped like a kind of cross (cf. above), forked, zigzag ib. ;
+ cf. Zd. vaṡra, « a club»
- वज्रकङ्कट
- वज्रकण्ट
- वज्रकण्टक
- वज्रकन्द
- वज्रकन्दक
- वज्रकपाटमत्
- वज्रकपटरस
- वज्रकर्ण
- वज्रकर्षण
- वज्रकवच
- वज्रकामा
- वज्रकालिका
- वज्रकाली
- वज्रकीट
- वज्रकील
- वज्रकीलाय
- वज्रकुक्षि
- वज्रकुच
- वज्रकूट
- वज्रकृत
- वज्रकेतु
- वज्रक्षार
- वज्रगर्भ
- वज्रगोप
- वज्रघात
- वज्रघोष
- वज्रचञ्चु
- वज्रचर्मन्
- वज्रचिह्न
- वज्रच्छेदकप्रज्ञापारमिता
- वज्रजित्
- वज्रज्वलन
- वज्रज्वाला
- वज्रटङ्क
- वज्रटीक
- वज्रणखा
- वज्रतर
- वज्रता
- वज्रत्व
- वज्रतीर्थमाहात्म्य
- वज्रतुण्ड
- वज्रतुल्य
- वज्रदंष्ट्र
- वज्रदक्षिण
- वज्रदण्ड
- वज्रदण्डक
- वज्रदत्त
- वज्रदन्त
- वज्रदशन
- वज्रदृढनेत्र
- वज्रदेश
- वज्रदेह
- वज्रदेहिन्
- वज्रद्रु
- वज्रद्रुम
- वज्रद्रुमकेसरध्वज
- वज्रधर
- वज्रधात्री
- वज्रधात्वी
- वज्रधात्वीश्वरी
- वज्रधार
- वज्रधारण
- वज्रधृक्
- वज्रनख
- वज्रनगर
- वज्रनाभ
- वज्रनिर्घोष
- वज्रनिष्कम्भ
- वज्रनिष्पेष
- वज्रपञ्जर
- वज्रपतन
- वज्रपत्त्रिका
- वज्रपरीक्षा
- वज्रपानि
- वज्रपानिन्
- वज्रपात
- वज्रपातन
- वज्रपाषाण
- वज्रपुर
- वज्रपुष्प
- वज्रप्रभ
- वज्रप्रभाव
- वज्रप्रस्तारिणी
- वज्रप्रस्ताविनी
- वज्रप्राकार
- वज्रप्राय
- वज्रबध
- वज्रबाहु
- वज्रबीजक
- वज्रभट्टीय
- वज्रभूमि
- वज्रभृकुटि
- वज्रभृत्
- वज्रमणि
- वज्रमण्ड
- वज्रमति
- वज्रमय
- वज्रमार
- वज्रमाला
- वज्रमित्र
- वज्रमुकुट
- वज्रमुख
- वज्रमुष्टि
- वज्रमूली
- वज्रयोगिनी
- वज्ररथ
- वज्ररद
- वज्ररात्र
- वज्ररूप
- वज्रलिपि
- वज्रलेप
- वज्रलेपाय
- वज्रलोहक
- वज्रवध
- वज्रवरचन्द्र
- वज्रवर्मन्
- वज्रवल्लि
- वज्रवह्
- वज्रवारक
- वज्रवाराही
- वज्रविद्राविनी
- वज्रविष्कम्भ
- वज्रविहत
- वज्रवीजक
- वज्रवीर
- वज्रवृक्ष
- वज्रवेग
- वज्रव्यूह
- वज्रशरीर
- वज्रशल्य
- वज्रशाखा
- वज्रशीर्ष
- वज्रशुचि
- वज्रशृङ्खला
- वज्रश्री
- वज्रसंहत
- वज्रसम्घात
- वज्रसत्त्व
- वज्रसमाधि
- वज्रसमानसार
- वज्रसमुत्कीर्ण
- वज्रसार
- वज्रसिंह
- वज्रसूचि
- वज्रसूची
- वज्रसूर्य
- वज्रसेन
- वज्रस्थान
- वज्रस्वामिन्
- वज्रहस्त
- वज्रहून
- वज्रहृदय
-
11 घन _ghana
घन a. [इन् मूर्तौ अप् घनादेशश्च Tv.]1 Compact, firm, hard, solid; संजातश्च घनाघनः Māl.9.39.; नासा घनास्थिका Y.3.89; R.11.18.-2 Thick, close, dense; घनविरलभावः U.2.27; R.8.91; Amaru.59.-3 Thick-set, full, fully developed (as breasts); घटयति सुघने कुचयुगगगने मृगमदरुचि रूषिते Gīt.7; अगुरु-चतुष्कं भवति गुरू द्वौ घनकुचयुग्मे शशिवदना$सौ Śrut.8; Bh.1.8; Amaru.31.-4 Deep (as sound); दधानः सौधानामलघुषु निकुञ्जेषु घनताम् Māl.2.12; Mu.1.21.-5 Uninterrupted, permanent.-6 Impenetrable.-7 Great, excessive, violent.-8 Complete; अभ्यङ्गभङ्ग्या पापस्य न्यस्तं घनमपश्यतः Ks.4.53.-9 Auspicious, fortu- nate.-1 Coarse, gross.-11 Engrossed by, full or re- plete with; मा ते मलीमसविकारघना मतिर्भूत् Māl.1.32; निर्वृति˚ U.6.11.-नः A cloud; घनोदयः प्राक् तदनन्तरं पयः Ś.7.3; घनरुचिरकलापो निःसपत्नो$स्य जातः V.4.22.-2 An iron club, a mace; प्रतिजघान घनैरिव मुष्टिभिः Ki.18.1.-3 The body.-4 The cube of a number (in math.).-5 Ex- tension, diffusion.-6 A collection, multitude, quantity, mass, assemblage.-7 Talc.-8 Phlegm.-9 Any com- pact mass or substance.-1 Hardness, firmness.-11 A particular manner of reciting Vedic texts: thus the padas नमः रुद्रेभ्यः ये repeated in this manner would stand thus:-- नमो रुद्रेभ्यो रुद्रेभ्यो नमो नमो रुद्रेभ्यो ये ये रुद्रेभ्यो नमो नमो रुद्रेभ्यो ये.-नम् 1 A cymbal, a bell, a gong.-2 Iron.-3 Tin.-4 Skin, rind, bark.-5 A mode of dancing; (neither quick nor slow). ind. closely; घटयति घनं कण्ठा- श्लेषे रसान्न पयोधरौ Ratn.3.9.-Com. -अत्ययः, -अन्तः 'disappearance of the cloud', the season succeeding the rains, autumn (शरद्); घनव्यपायेन गभस्तिमानिव R.3.37.-अज्ञानी N. of Durgā.-अम्बु n. rain; घनाम्बुभिर्भूरि विलम्बिनो घनाः Subhās.-आकरः the rainy season.-आगमः, -उदयः 'the approach of clouds', the rainy season; घनागमः कामिजनप्रियः प्रिये Ṛs.2.1.-आमयः the date-tree.-आश्रयः the atmosphere, firmament.-उत्तमः the face.-उदधिः a parti- cular sea (hell ?).-उपलः hail.-ऊरू a woman having thick thighs; कुरु घनोरु पदानि शनैः शनैः Ve.2.2.-ओघः gathering of clouds.-कफः hail.-कालः the rainy season.-क्षम a. what may be hammered; Bhāvapr. 5.26.53.-गर्जितम् 1 thunder, peal or thundering noise of clouds, roar of thunder.-2 a deep loud roar.-गोलकः alloy of gold and silver.-घनः the cube of a cube.-जम्बाल thick mire.-ज्वाला lightning.-तालः a kind of bird (सारंग).-तोलः the Chātaka bird.-धातुः lymph.-ध्वनि a. roaring.(-निः) 1 a deep or low tone.-2 the muttering of thunder clouds; अनुहुंकुरुते घनध्वनिं न हि गोमायुरुतानि केशरी Śi.16.25.-नाभिः smoke (being supposed to be a principal ingredient in clouds; Me.5).-नीहारः thick hoar-frost or mist.-पदम् the cube root.-पदवी 'the path of clouds', firmament, sky; क्रामद्भिर्घनपदवीमनेकसंख्यैः Ki.5.34.-पाषण्डः a peacock.-फलम् (in geom.) the solid or cubical contents of a body or of an excavation.-मानम् the measurement by the exterior of a structure; Māna. 39-64.-मूलम् cube root (in math.)-रसः 1 thick juice.-2 extract, decoction.-3 camphor.-4 water (m. or n.).-रूपा candied sugar.-वरम् the face.-वर्गः the square of a cube, the sixth power (in math).-वर्त्मन् n. the sky; घनवर्त्म सहस्रधेव कुर्वन् Ki.5.17.-वल्लिका, -वल्ली lightning.-वाच् a raven.-वातः 1 a thick op- pressive breeze or air.-2 N. of a hell; Jaina.-वीथिः the sky; घनवीथिवीथिमवतीर्णवतः Śi.9.32.-शब्दः thunder, peal of thunder.-वासः a kind of pumpkin gourd.-वाहनः 1 Śiva.-2 Indra.-श्याम a. 'dark like a cloud', deep-black, dark. (-मः) an epithet (1) of Rain (2) of Kṛiṣṇa.-संवृत्तिः profound secrecy.-समयः the rainy season.-सारः 1 camphor; घनसारनीहारहार &c. Dk.1 (mentioned among white substances).-2 mercury.-3 water.-4 a big cloud; घनसारस्तु कर्पूरे महामेघे च चन्दने Nm.-स्वनः, -शब्दः, -रवः the roaring of clouds.-हस्त- संख्या the contents of an excavation or of a solid in math.). -
12 घन
ghanámf (ā́)n. ( han) a striker, killer, destroyer RV. I, 4, 8; III, 49, 1; IV, 38, 1; VIII, 96, 18 ;
compact, solid, material, hard, firm, dense, I, 8, 3 ;
(ghanā́ for -námā́) Suṡr. etc.;
coarse, gross;
viscid, thick, inspissated Suṡr. Bhartṛ. Kathās. XXIV, 93 ;
full of (in comp.), densely filled with (in comp.) MBh. I, XIII Ragh. VIII, 90 Ratnâv. IV, 2 ;
uninterrupted Pañcat. III, 14, 11 ;
dark (cf. - ṡyāma) BhP. IV, 5, 3 ;
deep (as sound;
colour) MBh. I, 6680 VarBṛS. XlIII, 19 ;
complete, all Kathās. IV, 53 ;
auspicious, fortunate W. ;
m. (= φόνος) slaying RV. VI, 26, 8 ;
an iron club, mace, weapon shaped like a hammer
I, 33, 4; 36, 16; 63, 5; IX, 97, 16 AV. X, 4, 9 ;
any compact mass orᅠ substance (generally ifc.) ṠBr. XIV etc.. ;
(said of the foetus in the 2nd month Nir. XIV, 6 Laghuj. III, 4);
ifc. mere, nothing but (e.g.. vijñāna-ghaná,
« nothing but intuition» ṠBr. XIV)
MāṇḍUp. 5 PraṡnUp. V, 5 BhP. VIII ;
f. (cf. ambu-, ayo-);
a collection, multitude, mass, quantity W. ;
vulgar people Subh. ;
a cloud MBh. etc. (ifc. f. ā Hariv. 2660);
talc L. ;
the bulbous root of Cyperus Hexastachys communis Suṡr. VI ;
a peculiar form of a temple Hcat. II, 1, 389 ;
a particular method of reciting the RV. and Yajur-veda (cf. RTL. p. 409);
the cube (of a number), solid body (in geom.) Laghuj. Sūryas. ;
phlegm ( kapha) L. ;
the body L. ;
extension, diffusion W. ;
n. any brazen orᅠ metallic instrument orᅠ plate which is struck (cymbal, bell, gong, etc.) Hariv. 8688 ;
iron L. ;
tin L. ;
a mode of dancing (neither quick nor slow) L. ;
darkness L. ;
(am) ind. closely Ratnâv. III 9 ;
( dhvan, to sound) deep Rājat. V, 377 ;
very much W. ;
(ā) f. N. of a stringed instrument;
Glycine debilis L. ;
a kind of creeper L. ;
- घनकपीवत्
- घनकफ
- घनकाल
- घनक्षम
- घनगर्जित
- घनगोलक
- घनघन
- घनचय
- घनच्छद
- घनज
- घनजम्बाल
- घनज्वाला
- घनता
- घनताल
- घनतिमिर
- घनतोय
- घनतोल
- घनत्व
- घनत्वच्
- घनद्रुम
- घनधातु
- घनध्वनि
- घननाभि
- घननीहार
- घनपत्त्र
- घनपद
- घनपदवी
- घनपयोधर
- घनपल्लव
- घनपाषण्ड
- घनप्रिया
- घनफल
- घनभित्ति
- घनमुद्
- घनमूल
- घनरव
- घनरस
- घनरुच्
- घनरुचिरकलाप
- घनरूपा
- घनवर
- घनवर्त्मन्
- घनवल्लिका
- घनवल्ली
- घनवाच्
- घनवात
- घनवारि
- घनवास
- घनवाहन
- घनवीथि
- घनव्यपाय
- घनव्यूह
- घनशब्द
- घनशृङ्गी
- घनश्याम
- घनसंवृत्ति
- घनसमय
- घनसार
- घनसिक्थ
- घनस्कन्ध
- घनस्वन
- घनहस्तसंख्या
-
13 passer
passer [pαse]━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━➭ TABLE 1━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━► Lorsque passer fait partie d'une locution comme passer sous le nez de qn, reportez-vous à l'autre mot.━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━1. <• où passe la route ? where does the road go?► passer à ( = passer par, aller à)• si nous passions au salon ? shall we go into the sitting room?• le confort, ça passe après comfort is less important► passer avant• passez donc devant ! you go first!• il est passé devant le conseil de discipline he came up before the disciplinary committee► passer par to go through• pour y aller, je passe par Amiens I go there via Amiens• par où êtes-vous passé ? (pour venir ici) which way did you come? ; (pour aller ailleurs) which way did you go?• pour téléphoner, il faut passer par le standard you have to go through the switchboard to make a call• ça fait du bien par où ça passe ! (inf) that's just what the doctor ordered! (inf)► passer sous to go under• l'air passe sous la porte there's a draught from under the door► passer sur to go over ; ( = ignorer) to ignore• et je passe sur la saleté du lieu ! not to mention how dirty the place was!► laisser passer [+ air, lumière] to let in ; [+ personne, procession] to let through ; [+ erreur, occasion] to missb. ( = faire une halte rapide) passer au bureau to call in at the office► passer + infinitif• puis-je passer te voir en vitesse ? can I pop round?► en passant ( = sur le chemin) on the way ; ( = dans la conversation) in passing• il aime tous les sports, du football à la boxe en passant par le golf he likes all sports, from football to golf to boxingd. ( = franchir un obstacle) [véhicule] to get through ; [cheval, sauteur] to get over• ça passe ? (en manœuvrant) have I got enough room?e. ( = s'écouler) [temps] to go by• comme le temps passe ! how time flies!f. ( = être digéré) to go down• ça ne passe pas [repas] I've got indigestiong. ( = être accepté) [demande, proposition] to be accepted• il est passé dans la classe supérieure he's moved up to the next class (Brit) he's been promoted to the next grade (US)• l'équipe est passée en 2e division the team have moved up to the second divisionh. ( = devenir) to becomei. ( = être montré) [film, émission, personne] to be onj. ( = disparaître) [douleur] to pass ; [orage] to blow over ; [beauté, couleur] to fade ; [colère] to subside ; [mode] to die outl. (locutions) qu'il soit menteur, passe encore,... he may be a liar, that's one thing,...• se faire passer pour to pass o.s. off ason a eu la grippe, tout le monde y est passé we've all had flu• si elle veut une promotion, il faudra bien qu'elle y passe (sexuellement) if she wants to be promoted, she'll have to sleep with the boss► passons let's say no more about it2. <a. ( = franchir) [+ frontière] to cross ; [+ porte] to go throughb. ( = donner, transmettre) to give ; [+ consigne, message] to pass on• je vous passe M. Duroy [standard] I'm putting you through to Mr Duroy ; ( = je lui passe l'appareil) here's Mr Duroyc. ( = mettre) [+ vêtement] to put ond. ( = dépasser) [+ gare, maison] to passe. ( = omettre) [+ mot, ligne] to leave out• et j'en passe ! and that's not all!f. ( = permettre) passer un caprice à qn to humour sbg. [+ examen] to takeh. [+ temps, vacances] to spendi. [+ film, diapositives] to show ; [+ disque] to playj. [+ commande] to place3. <a. ( = avoir lieu) to happen• qu'est-ce qui s'est passé ? what happened?• que se passe-t-il ? what's going on?• ça ne se passera pas comme ça ! I won't stand for that!b. ( = se mettre à soi-même) elle s'est passé de la crème solaire sur les épaules she put some sun cream on her shouldersc. (se transmettre) [+ ballon] to pass to each other ; [+ notes de cours, livre, plat] to pass around━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━+1! La traduction la plus courante de passer n'est pas to pass ; passer un examen se traduit par to take an exam.* * *pɑse
1.
1) ( franchir) to cross [fleuve, frontière]; to go through [porte, douane]; to get over [obstacle]2) ( faire franchir)3) ( dépasser) to go past, to passquand vous aurez passé le feu, tournez à droite — turn right after the lights
4) ( mettre)5) ( transmettre) to pass [objet] (à to); to pass [something] on [consigne, maladie] (à to); ( prêter) (colloq) to lend ( à quelqu'un to somebody); ( donner) (colloq) to give ( à quelqu'un to somebody)6) ( au téléphone)attends, je te la passe — hold on, here she is, I'll put her on
je vous le passe — ( sur un autre poste) I'm putting you through
7) ( se présenter à) to take, to sit [examen scolaire, test]; to have [visite médicale, entretien]c'est moi qui fais passer l'oral de français aux nouveaux — I'm taking the new pupils for the French oral
8) ( réussir) to pass [examen, test]9) ( dans le temps) to spend [temps] ( à faire doing)dépêche-toi, on ne va pas y passer la nuit! — (colloq) hurry up, or we'll be here all night!
10) ( pardonner)11) ( omettre) to skip [mot, page, paragraphe]j'en passe et des meilleures — (colloq) ( après énumération) and so on and so forth, I could go on
12) ( utiliser)passer l'aspirateur dans le salon — to hoover® GB ou vacuum the lounge
13) ( étendre)14) ( soumettre)qu'est-ce qu'elle nous a passé! — (colloq) she really went for us! (colloq)
15) ( à travers une grille) to filter [café]; to strain [jus, sauce]; to purée [légumes]16) ( enfiler) to slip [something] on [vêtement, anneau]; to slip into [robe]17) ( faire jouer) to play [disque, cassette audio]; ( projeter) to show [film, diapositives, cassette vidéo]; ( diffuser) to place [annonce]18) ( signer) to sign [contrat]; to enter into [accord]; to place [commande]; to pass [loi, décret]passer un marché — (colloq) to make a deal
19) Automobile ( enclencher)passer la troisième/la marche arrière — to go into third gear/into reverse
20) Jeux
2.
verbe intransitif1) ( parcourir son chemin) [personne, animal, véhicule, ballon] to go past ou by, to passle facteur n'est pas encore passé — the postman hasn't come ou been yet
passer à pied/à bicyclette — to walk/to cycle past
2) (se trouver, s'étendre)ligne qui passe par les centres de deux cercles — line that goes through the centres [BrE] of two circles
3) ( faire un saut)je ne fais que passer — I've just popped in GB ou dropped by for a minute
passer dans la matinée — to call in the morning GB, to come over in the morning
passer prendre quelqu'un/qch — to pick somebody/sth up
4) ( se rendre) to goil est passé devant moi — ( dans une queue) he pushed in front of me
5) ( aller au-delà) to get throughvas-y, ça passe! — go on, there's plenty of room!
il est passé par la fenêtre — ( par accident) he fell out of the window; ( pour entrer) he got in through the window
passer derrière la maison — to get round GB ou around US the back of the house
6) ( transiter)passer par — [personne] lit to pass ou go through; fig to go through
qu'est-ce qui lui est passé par la tête? — what was he/she thinking of?
un sourire passa sur ses lèvres — he/she smiled briefly
des reptiles à l'homme, en passant par le singe — from reptiles to man, including apes
7) (colloq) ( avoir son tour)il accuse le patron, ses collègues, bref, tout le monde y passe — he's accusing the boss, his colleagues - in other words, everyone in sight
que ça te plaise ou non, il va falloir y passer — whether you like it or not, there's no alternative
je sais, j'en suis déjà passé par là — I know all about that, I've been there (colloq)
8) ( négliger)passons! — ( injonction) let's hear no more about it!
passer à côté d'une question — ( involontairement) to miss the point
laisser passer quelque chose — ( délibérément) to overlook something
laisser passer plusieurs fautes — ( par inadvertance) to let several mistakes slip through
9) ( ne pas approfondir)10) (être admis, supporté) [aliment, repas] to go down; [commentaires, discours, critiques] to go down well ( auprès de with); [loi, candidat] to get through; [attitude, pensée] to be acceptedprends un peu de cognac, ça fait passer! — have a drop of brandy, it's good for the digestion
que je sois critiqué, passe encore, mais calomnié, non! — criticism is one thing, but I draw the line at slander
avec lui, la flatterie, ça ne passe pas — flattery won't work with him
passer au premier tour — Politique to be elected in the first round
passer dans la classe supérieure — to move up to the next year ou grade US
(ça) passe pour cette fois — (colloq) I'll let it go this time
11) ( se déplacer)12) ( être pris)faire passer quelqu'un/qch pour exceptionnel — to make somebody/sth out to be exceptional
13) ( disparaître) [douleur, événement] to passquand l'orage sera or aura passé — lit when the storm is over; fig when the storm dies down
ça passera — ( sa mauvaise humeur) it'll pass; ( ton chagrin) you'll get over it
la première réaction passée — once we/they calmed down
nous avons dû attendre que sa colère soit passée — we had to wait for his/her anger to subside
14) (apparaître, être projeté, diffusé) [artiste, groupe] ( sur une scène) to be appearing; (à la télévision, radio) to be on; [spectacle, film] to be on; [cassette, musique] to be playing15) ( être placé)passer avant/après — ( en importance) to come before/after
16) (colloq) ( disparaître)17) ( s'écouler) [temps] to pass, to go by18) ( se mettre à) to turn to19) ( être transmis)20) ( être promu) to be promoted to21) ( être dépensé) [argent, somme] to go on ou in ou into; [produit, matière] to go into22) (colloq) ( mourir)si tu continues à conduire comme ça, tu vas finir par y passer — if you keep driving like that, you'll kill yourself
on y passera tous, mais le plus tard sera le mieux — we've all got to go sometime, the later the better
23) ( se décolorer) [teinte, tissu] to fade24) ( filtrer) [café] to filter25) ( changer de vitesse)passer en troisième/marche arrière — to go into third/reverse
la troisième passe mal or a du mal à passer — third gear is a bit stiff
26) Jeux (au bridge, poker) to pass
3.
se passer verbe pronominal1) ( se produire) to happen2) ( être situé) to take place3) ( se dérouler) [opération, examen, négociations] to go4) ( s'écouler) [période] to go by, to pass5) ( se dispenser)se passer de — [personne] to do without [objet, activité, personne]; to go without [repas, nourriture, sommeil]
6) ( se mettre)7) ( l'un à l'autre)* * *pɒse1. vi1) (= aller) to go, to pass, to pass by, to go byIls sont passés par Paris. — They went through Paris.
2) (= faire une halte rapide) [facteur] to come, to call, (pour rendre visite) to call in, to drop inJe passerai chez vous ce soir. — I'll call in this evening., I'll drop in this evening.
Je lui ai dit en passant que j'allais me marier. — I told him in passing that I was getting married.
3) CARTES to pass4)passe encore de le penser, mais de le dire! — it's one thing to think it, but to say it!
passer sur qch [faute, détail inutile] — to pass over sth
5) (= s'écouler) [temps, jours] to go by, to pass6) (= disparaître) [douleur] to pass, to go away, [mode] to die out, [couleur, papier] to fadefaire passer à qn le goût de qch [homme] — to cure sb of his taste for sth, [femme] to cure sb of her taste for sth
7) (= franchir un obstacle, traverser) [personne] to get through, [courant, air, lumière] to get through, [liquide, café] to go throughfaire passer [message] — to get over, to get across
laisser passer [air, lumière, personne] — to let through, [occasion] to miss, [erreur] to overlook
Il m'a laissé passer. — He let me through.
8) (= être digéré, avalé) to go down10) (= être diffusé) [film, émission] to be on"Titanic" passe à la télé ce soir. — "Titanic" is on TV tonight.
Mon père passe à la radio demain soir. — My father's on the radio tomorrow night.
passer à [ennemi, opposition] — to go over to
passer aux aveux — to confess, to make a confession
passer avant qch/qn fig — to come before sth/sb
passer en seconde AUTOMOBILES — to change into second
passer pour; Il passe pour riche. — He is thought to be rich.
faire passer qn/qch pour — to make sb/sth out to be
2. vt1) (= franchir) [frontière, rivière] to cross, [douane] to go throughNous avons passé la frontière belge. — We crossed the Belgian border.
2) (= transmettre, donner)passer qch à qn — to pass sth to sb, to give sb sth
Passe-moi le sel, s'il te plaît. — Pass me the salt, please.
je vous passe M. Cousin (au téléphone) — I'm putting you through to Mr Cousin
passer qch en fraude (= faire entrer) — to smuggle sth in, (= faire sortir) to smuggle sth out
3) [temps, journée] to spendElle a passé la journée à ne rien faire. — She spent the day doing nothing.
Ils passent toujours leurs vacances au Danemark. — They always spend their holidays in Denmark.
4) (= subir) [examen] to sit, to take, [visite médicale] to haveGordon a passé ses examens la semaine dernière. — Gordon took his exams last week.
5) (= mettre) [vêtement] to slip onpasser la seconde AUTOMOBILES — to change into second
6) (= faire passer) [thé, soupe] to strain7) (= jouer) [film] to show, [disque, CD] to play, to put onOn passe "Le Kid" au cinéma cette semaine. — They're showing "The Kid" at the cinema this week.
8) (= conclure) [marché] to agree on, [accord] to reach9) (= tolérer)10) (= devenir)* * *passer verb table: aimerA vtr1 ( franchir) to cross [fleuve, pont, frontière, col]; to go through [porte, douane]; to get over [haie, obstacle]; ils ont fait passer la rivière au troupeau they took the herd across the river; il m'a fait passer la frontière he got me across the border;2 ( faire franchir) passer qch à la douane to get sth through customs; passer qch en fraude or contrebande to smuggle sth; passer qn en fraude ( vers l'intérieur) to smuggle sb in; ( vers l'extérieur) to smuggle sb out; ⇒ gauche;3 ( dépasser) to go past, to pass; quand vous aurez passé le feu, tournez à droite turn right after the lights; passer la barre des dix euros to pass the ten-euro mark; on a passé l'heure it's too late; j'ai passé l'âge I'm too old; le malade ne passera pas la nuit the patient won't last the night;4 ( mettre) passer le doigt sur la table to run one's finger over the table-top; passer la tête à la fenêtre to stick one's head out of the window; elle m'a passé le bras autour des épaules she put her arm around my shoulders; elle m'a passé la main dans les cheveux she ran her fingers through my hair;5 ( transmettre) to pass [objet] (à to); to pass [sth] on [consigne, maladie] (à to); ( prêter)○ to lend (à qn to sb); ( donner)○ to give (à qn to sb); passer le ballon au gardien de but to pass the ball to the goalkeeper; passe-moi le sel pass me the salt; passe le vin à ton père pass your father the wine; faites passer le plat entre vous pass the dish around; fais passer la bonne nouvelle à tes amis pass the good news on to your friends; elle a attrapé la grippe et l'a passée à son mari she caught flu and gave it to her husband; il m'a passé son vélo○ ( prêté) he lent me his bike; ( donné) he gave me his bike; il m'a passé son rhume he's given me his cold;6 ( au téléphone) tu peux me passer Chris? can you put Chris on?; attends, je te la passe hold on, here she is, I'll put her on; je vous le passe ( sur un autre poste) I'm putting you through; pourriez-vous me passer le poste 4834/le service de traduction? could you put me through to extension 4834/the translation department, please?; il est sorti, je vous passe sa secrétaire he's out, I'll put you through to his secretary;7 ( se présenter à) to take, to sit [examen scolaire, test]; to have [visite médicale, entretien]; passer son permis de conduire to take one's driving test; faire passer un test à qn to give sb a test; c'est moi qui fais passer l'oral de français aux nouveaux I'm taking the new pupils for the French oral;8 ( réussir) to pass [examen, test];9 ( dans le temps) to spend [temps, jour, vie, vacances] (à faire doing); passer une nuit à l'hôtel to spend a night at a hotel; nous avons passé de bons moments ensemble we've had some good times together; dépêche-toi, on ne va pas y passer la nuit○! hurry up, or we'll be here all night!; passer sa colère sur son chat/ses collègues to take one's anger out on the cat/one's colleagues;10 ( pardonner) passer qch à qn to let sb get away with sth; il ne me passe rien he doesn't let me get away with anything; elle leur passe tout she lets them get away with murder; passez-lui ses écarts de langage excuse his/her strong language; il passe tous ses caprices à sa fille he indulges his daughter's every whim; passez-moi l'expression/le terme if you'll pardon the expression/the word;11 ( omettre) to skip [mot, page, paragraphe]; je vous passe les détails I'll spare you the details; j'en passe et des meilleures ( après énumération) and so on and so forth, I could go on;12 ( utiliser) passer un chiffon humide sur les meubles to go over the furniture with a damp cloth; passer un coup de fer sur une chemise to give a shirt a quick press; n'oublie pas de passer l'aspirateur dans le salon don't forget to hoover® GB ou vacuum the lounge;13 ( étendre) en passant un peu de cire, les rayures disparaîtront if you go over it with a bit of wax, the scratches will disappear; passer un peu de baume sur une brûlure to dab some ointment on a burn; passer une couche de peinture sur qch to give sth a coat of paint;14 ( soumettre) passez le plat au four put the dish in the oven; passer la pointe d'une aiguille à la flamme to hold the point of a needle over a flame; passer le plancher à la cire to put some wax on the floor; passer qch à l'eau ( pour rincer) to give sth a rinse; ( pour obtenir une réaction) to soak sth briefly in water; qu'est-ce qu'elle nous a passé○! she really went for us○!; ⇒ peigne;15 ( à travers une grille) to filter [café]; to strain [jus de fruit, sauce]; to purée [légumes]; passer des légumes au moulin à légumes to purée vegetables;16 ( enfiler) to slip [sth] on [vêtement, anneau]; to slip into [robe]; ils ont essayé de me passer la camisole they tried to put me in a straitjacket;17 ( faire jouer) to play [disque, cassette audio]; ( projeter) to show [film, diapositives, cassette vidéo]; ( diffuser) to place [annonce];18 ( signer) to sign [contrat]; to enter into [accord]; to place [commande]; to pass [loi, décret]; passer un marché○ to make a deal;20 Aut ( enclencher) to go into [vitesse]; passer la troisième/la marche arrière to go into third gear/into reverse;B vi1 ( parcourir son chemin) [personne, animal, véhicule, ballon] to go past ou by, to pass; passer entre to pass between; regarder passer les trains to watch the trains go past ou by; nous sommes passés devant le palais/près du lac we went past the palace/the lake; passer sous/sur un pont to go under/over a bridge; l'autobus vient juste de passer the bus has just gone; le facteur n'est pas encore passé the postman hasn't been yet; quand passe le prochain car pour Caen? when is the next coach GB ou bus for Caen?; je suis passé à côté de lui/du monument I passed him/the monument; nous sommes passés près de chez toi ce matin we were near your house this morning; passer à pied/à cheval/en voiture/à bicyclette to walk/ride/drive/cycle past; un avion est passé a plane flew past overhead; il est passé en courant/boitant he ran/limped past; j'ai renversé le vase en passant I knocked over the vase as I went by; en passant, achète du lait buy some milk while you're out; le ballon est passé tout près des buts the ball narrowly missed the goal;2 (se trouver, s'étendre) la route passe à côté du lac the road runs alongside the lake; le ruisseau passe derrière la maison the stream runs behind the house; ils ont fait passer la route devant chez nous/près de l'église/derrière le village they built the road in front of our house/near the church/behind the village; ligne qui passe par les centres de deux cercles line that connects the centresGB of two circles; en faisant passer une ligne par ces deux villes drawing a line through these two towns;3 ( faire un saut) je ne fais que passer I've just popped in GB ou dropped by for a minute; quand je suis passé au marché when I went down to the market; quand je suis passé à l'école when I dropped by the school; quand je suis passé chez lui when I called in to see him GB, when I dropped by his place; passer à la banque to call in at the bank GB, to drop by the bank; il est passé déposer un dossier he came to drop off a file; il est passé quelqu'un pour toi someone was looking for you; je passerai un de ces jours I'll drop by one of these days; passer dans la matinée [plombier, représentant] to call in the morning GB, to come over in the morning; passe nous voir plus souvent! come and see us more often!; passer prendre qn/qch to pick sb/sth up; je passerai te prendre à six heures I'll pick you up at six; je passerai prendre le gâteau dans une heure I'll pick up the cake in an hour;4 ( se rendre) to go; passez au guichet numéro 3 go to counter 3; passons au salon let's go into ou through to the lounge; les contrebandiers sont passés en Espagne the smugglers have crossed into Spain; passez derrière moi, je vous montrerai le chemin follow me, I'll show you the way; il est passé devant moi, il m'est passé devant○ ( dans une queue) he pushed in front of me; passer à la visite médicale to go for a medical examination; passer devant une commission to come before a committee;5 ( aller au-delà) to get through; tu ne passeras pas, c'est trop étroit you'll never get through, it's too narrow; on ne peut pas passer à cause de la neige we can't get through because of the snow; impossible de passer tant il y avait de monde you couldn't get through, there were so many people; il est passé au rouge he went through the red lights; il n'a pas attendu le feu vert pour passer he didn't wait for the lights to turn green; il m'a fait signe de passer he waved me on; il a fait passer la vieille dame devant lui he let the old lady go first; vas-y, ça passe! ( à un automobiliste) go on, there's plenty of room!; laisser passer qn to let sb through; laisser passer une ambulance to let an ambulance through; le volet laisse passer un peu de lumière the shutter lets in a chink of light; la cloison laisse passer le bruit the partition doesn't keep the noise out; passer par-dessus bord to fall overboard; il est passé par la fenêtre ( par accident) he fell out of the window; ( pour entrer) he got in through the window; il est passé sous un train he was run over by a train; nous n'avons pas pu faire passer l'armoire par la porte we couldn't get the wardrobe through the door; à cause des travaux, on ne peut pas passer derrière la maison because of the road works, we can't get round GB ou around US the back of the house; ⇒ caravane, casser;6 ( transiter) passer par [personne] lit to pass ou go through; fig to go through; nous sommes passés par Édimbourg we went via Edinburgh; ça ira plus vite en passant par la Belgique it'll be quicker to go via Belgium; la manifestation passera dans cette avenue the demonstration will come along this avenue; passer par qn pour faire qch to do sth through sb; passer par de rudes épreuves to go through the mill, to have a rough time; passer par l'opératrice to go through the operator; passer par une rue to go along a street; passer par l'escalier de service to use the service stairs; nous sommes passés par une agence matrimoniale we met through a marriage bureau; il est passé par tous les stades de la formation he went through the various different stages of training; passer au bord de la faillite to come very close to bankruptcy; il est passé par une très bonne école he went to a very good school; la formation par laquelle il est passé the training (that) he had; il dit tout ce qui lui passe par la tête he always says the first thing that comes into his head; je ne sais jamais ce qui te passe par la tête I never know what's going on in your head; une idée m'est passée par la tête an idea occurred to me; mais qu'est-ce qui lui est passé par la tête? what on earth was he/she thinking of?; ça fait du bien par où ça passe○! [aliment, boisson] I needed that!; un éclair de malice passa dans ses yeux his/her eyes gleamed with mischief, he/she had a mischievous glint in his/her eyes; un sourire passa sur ses lèvres he/she smiled for a second; en passant par including; des reptiles à l'homme, en passant par le singe from reptiles to man, including apes; ⇒ maire;7 ○( avoir son tour) il accuse le patron, ses collègues, le cuisinier, bref, tout le monde y passe he's accusing the boss, his colleagues, the cook-in other words, everyone in sight; le rock, le blues, la musique classique, tout y passe rock, blues, classical music, you name it; que ça te plaise ou non, il va falloir y passer whether you like it or not, there's no alternative; la nouvelle secrétaire va y passer aussi the new secretary will get it as well; on ne peut pas faire autrement que d'en passer par là there is no other way around it; je sais, j'en suis déjà passé par là I know all about that, I've been there○;8 ( négliger) passer sur to pass over [question, défaut, erreur]; je préfère passer sur ce point pour l'instant I'd rather not dwell on that point for the moment; il est or a passé sur les détails he didn't go into the details; si l'on passe sur les frais de déplacement if we ignore the travel expenses; passons (là-dessus)! ( injonction) let's hear no more about it!; ( pardon) let's say no more about it!; passer à côté d'une question ( volontairement) to sidestep a question; ( involontairement) to miss the point; laisser passer qch ( délibérément) to let sth pass, to overlook sth; ( par inadvertance) to let sth slip through, to overlook sth; laisser passer une occasion, passer à côté d'une occasion to miss an opportunity, to let an opportunity slip ou go by; laisser passer quelques erreurs par gentillesse to overlook a few errors out of soft-heartedness; on ne peut pas laisser passer une telle erreur we cannot let a mistake like that through; le réviseur a laissé passer plusieurs fautes the proofreader let several mistakes slip through; il leur laisse passer tous leurs caprices he indulges their every whim;9 ( ne pas approfondir) en passant in passing; notons en passant que we should note in passing that; en passant, il a ajouté que in passing, he added that; soit dit en passer incidentally;10 (être admis, supporté) [aliment, repas] to go down; [commentaires, discours, critiques] to go down well (auprès de with); [loi, règlement, mesure] to get through; [attitude, pensée, doctrine] to be accepted; [candidat] to get through; je ne me sens pas bien, ce doit être le concombre qui passe mal I don't feel well, it must be the cucumber; prends un peu de cognac, ça fait passer! have a drop of brandy, it's good for the digestion; vos critiques sont mal passées/ne sont pas passées your criticism went down badly/didn't go down well; ils n'ont jamais pu faire passer leur réforme/leurs idées they never managed to get their reform through/their ideas accepted; que je sois critiqué, passe encore, mais calomnié, non! criticism is one thing, but I draw the line at slander; avec lui, la flatterie, ça ne passe pas flattery won't work with him; passer au premier tour Pol to be elected in the first round; passer dans la classe supérieure to move up to the next year ou grade US; (ça) passe pour cette fois○ this time, I'll let it go;11 ( se déplacer) passer de France en Espagne to leave France and enter Spain; passer de la salle à manger au salon to move from the dining room to the lounge; passer à l'ennemi to go over to the enemy; passer dans le camp adverse to go over to the other side; passer sous contrôle de l'ONU/de l'État to be taken over by the UN/the government; passer sous contrôle ennemi to fall into enemy hands; passer de main en main to be passed around; passer constamment d'un sujet à l'autre to flit from one subject to another; passer d'un amant à un autre to go from one lover to the next; passer de l'opulence à la misère to go from extreme wealth to extreme poverty; passer de la théorie à la pratique to put theory into practice; leur nombre pourrait passer à 700 their number could reach 700; passer à un taux supérieur/inférieur to go up to a higher rate/down to a lower rate; faire passer qch de 200 à 300 to increase sth from 200 to 300; faire passer qch de 300 à 200 to decrease sth from 300 to 200; expression passée en proverbe expression that has become a proverb;12 ( être pris) passer pour un imbécile/pour être une belle ville to be generally thought of as stupid/as a beautiful town (auprès de by); passer pour un génie to pass as a genius; son excentricité passe pour de l'intelligence his/her eccentricity passes for intelligence; il passe pour l'inventeur de l'ordinateur he's supposed to have invented computers; passer pour quelqu'un d'autre to be taken for someone else; il pourrait passer pour un Américain he could be taken for an American; il veut passer pour un grand homme he wants to be seen as a great man; faire passer qn/qch pour exceptionnel/exemplaire to make sb/sth out to be exceptional/a model of perfection; se faire passer pour malade to pretend to be ill; se faire passer pour mort to fake one's own death; il se fait passer pour mon frère he passes himself off as my brother; se faisant passer pour un agent d'assurance by passing himself off as ou by impersonating an insurance salesman; il m'a fait passer pour un imbécile he made me look like a fool;13 ( disparaître) [douleur, événement] to pass; quand l'orage sera or aura passé lit when the storm is over; fig when the storm dies down; ça passera ( sa mauvaise humeur) it'll pass; ( ton chagrin) you'll get over it; la première réaction passée, il a été possible de faire once we/they calmed down it was possible to do; nous avons dû attendre que sa colère soit passée we had to wait for his/her anger to subside; passer de mode [vêtement, style, chanson, expression] to go out of fashion; cette mode est vite passée or a vite passé that fashion was short-lived; faire passer à qn l'envie or le goût de faire to cure sb of the desire to do; les sales gosses, je vais leur faire passer l'envie or l'habitude de tirer sur ma sonnette! those damn kids, I'll teach them to ring my bell!; ce médicament fait passer les maux d'estomac this medicine relieves stomach ache; cette mauvaise habitude te passera it's a bad habit you'll grow out of; ça lui passera avant que ça me reprenne○ it won't last;14 (apparaître, être projeté, diffusé) [artiste, groupe] ( sur une scène) to be appearing; (à la télévision, radio) to be on; [spectacle, film] to be on; [cassette, musique] to be playing; mon ami passe à la télévision ce soir my friend is on television tonight; les films portugais qui passent à la télévision/au Rex/à Paris the Portuguese films (that are) on television/on at the Rex/on in Paris;15 ( être placé) passer avant/après ( en importance) to come before/after; la santé passe avant tout health comes first; il fait passer sa famille avant ses amis he puts his family before his friends;16 ○( disparaître) où étais-tu (encore) passé? where (on earth) did you get to?; où est passé mon livre/le chat? where has my book/the cat got to?;17 ( s'écouler) [temps] to pass, to go by; deux ans ont passé depuis l'événement two years have passed since it happened; le temps a passé, et les gens ont oublié time has passed and people have forgotten; je ne vois pas le temps passer I don't know where the time goes; le week-end a or est passé trop vite the weekend went too quickly;18 ( se mettre à) to turn to; passons aux choses sérieuses let's turn to serious matters; nous pouvons passer à l'étape suivante we can move on to the next stage; passons à autre chose let's change the subject; nous allons passer au vote let's vote now; passer à l'offensive to take the offensive;19 ( être transmis) passer de père en fils/de génération en génération/à ses héritiers to be handed down from father to son/from generation to generation/to one's heirs; l'expression est passée dans la langue the expression has become part of the language; ça finira par passer dans les mœurs it'll eventually become common practice; il a fait passer son émotion dans la salle he transmitted his emotion to the audience;20 ( être promu) to be promoted to; il est passé général he's been promoted to general; elle est passée maître dans l'art de mentir she's an accomplished liar;21 ( être dépensé) [argent, somme] to go on ou in ou into; [produit, matière] to go into; la moitié de mon salaire passe en remboursement de mes dettes half my salary goes on paying off my debts; toutes mes économies y sont passées○ all my savings went into it;22 ○( mourir) y passer to die; si tu continues à conduire comme ça, tu vas finir par y passer if you keep driving like that, you'll kill yourself; on y passera tous, mais le plus tard sera le mieux we've all got to go sometime, the later the better;25 ( changer de vitesse) passer en troisième/marche arrière to go into third/reverse; la troisième passe mal or a du mal à passer third gear is a bit stiff; passer de seconde en troisième to go from second into third;26 Jeux (au bridge, poker) to pass.C se passer vpr1 ( se produire) to happen; ça s'est passé en Chine/à Pékin/le matin/au bon moment it happened in China/in Beijing/in the morning/at the right time; il ne se passe jamais rien dans ce village nothing ever happens in this village; que se passe-t-il?, qu'est-ce qui se passe? what's happening, what's going on?; tout se passe comme si le dollar avait été dévalué it's as if the dollar was devalued;2 ( être situé) to take place; la scène se passe au Viêt Nam/dans les années trente/de nos jours the scene is set in Vietnam/in the thirties/in the present day;3 ( se dérouler) [opération, examen, négociations] to go; comment s'est passée la réunion? how did the meeting go?; tout s'est bien passé everything went well; ça s'est mal passé it didn't go well; la réunion s'est très mal passée the meeting went very badly; tout s'est passé très vite it all happened very fast; ça va mal se passer pour toi si tu continues! you're going to be in trouble if you carry on GB ou continue doing that!; ça ne se passera pas comme ça! I won't leave it at that!;4 ( s'écouler) [période] to go by, to pass; il s'est passé deux ans depuis, deux ans se sont passés depuis that was two years ago; il ne se passe guère de jour (sans) qu'elle ne trouve à se plaindre hardly a day goes by without her finding something to complain about; attendons que ça se passe let's wait till it's over; nos soirées se passaient à regarder la télévision we spent the evenings watching television; ⇒ jeunesse;5 ( se dispenser) se passer de [personne] to do without [objet, activité, personne]; to go without [repas, nourriture, sommeil]; nous nous sommes passés de voiture we did without a car; nous nous passerons de lui we'll do without him; je me passerais bien de tes remarques I can do without your comments; se passer de commentaires to speak for itself; ne pas pouvoir se passer de faire not to be able to help oneself from doing; se passer des services de qn to do without sb's services;6 ( se mettre) se passer la langue sur les lèvres/la main dans les cheveux to run one's tongue over one's lips/one's fingers through one's hair; se passer la main sur le front to put a hand to one's forehead;7 ( l'un à l'autre) ils se sont passé des documents they exchanged some documents; nous nous sommes passé le virus we caught the virus from each other.[pase] verbe intransitif (auxiliaire être)A.[EXPRIME UN DÉPLACEMENT]passer dans: pour empêcher les poids lourds de passer dans le village to stop lorries from driving ou going through the villagea. [devant moi] go in front of me if you can't seeb. [devant tout le monde] go to the front if you can't seepasser sous une voiture [se faire écraser] to get run over (by a car)des péniches passaient sur le canal barges were going past ou were sailing on the canal[fugitivement]un sourire passa sur ses lèvres a smile played about her lips, she smiled briefly3. [emprunter un certain itinéraire]si vous passez à Paris, venez me voir come and see me if you're in Paris[fleuve, route] to go, to run5. [sur un parcours régulier - démarcheur, représentant] to call ; [ - bateau, bus, train] to come ou to go pastle facteur passe deux fois par jour the postman delivers ou comes twice a dayle bateau/train est déjà passé the boat/train has already gone ou leftle prochain bateau passera dans deux jours the next boat will call ou is due in two days6. [faire une visite] to callj'ai demandé au médecin de passer I asked the doctor to call (in) ou to come ou to visit7. [franchir une limite] to get through8. [s'infiltrer] to passpasser dans le sang to pass into ou to enter the bloodstreamle café doit passer lentement [dans le filtre] the coffee must filter through slowly9. [aller, se rendre] to gooù sont passées mes lunettes? where have my glasses got ou disappeared to?passer de Suisse en France to cross over ou to go from Switzerland to FranceB.[EXPRIME UNE ACTION]1. [se soumettre à]ce matin, je suis passé au tableau I was asked to explain something at the blackboard this morningy passer (familier) : je ne veux pas me faire opérer — il faudra bien que tu y passes, pourtant! I don't want to have an operation — you're going to have to!avec lui, toutes les femmes du service y sont passées he's had all the women in his department2. [être accepté] to passelle est passée à l'écrit mais pas à l'oral she got through ou she passed the written exam but not the oralton petit discours est bien passé your little speech went down well ou was well receivedle film passe mal sur le petit écran/en noir et blanc the film just isn't the same on TV/in black and whitepasse (encore): l'injurier, passe encore, mais le frapper! it's one thing to insult him, but quite another to hit him!3. [être transmis] to gola ferme est passée de père en fils depuis cinq générations the farm has been handed down from father to son for five generationsla locution est passée du latin à l'anglais the phrase came ou passed into English from Latin4. [entrer] to passc'est passé dans le langage courant it's passed into ou it's now part of everyday speechc'est passé dans les moeurs it's become standard ou normal practice5. [être utilisé, absorbé] to gosi les socialistes passent if the socialists get in ou are electedRADIO & TÉLÉVISIONpasser à la radio [émission, personne] to be on the radio ou the aira. [personne] to be ou to appear on televisionb. [film] to be on television8. DROIT [comparaître]passer devant le tribunal to come up ou to go before the courtpasser en correctionnelle ≃ to go before the magistrate's courtC.[EXPRIME UN CHANGEMENT D'ÉTAT]1. [accéder - à un niveau]2. [devenir] to become3. [dans des locutions verbales]passer de... à [changer d'état]: passer de l'état liquide à l'état gazeux to pass ou to change from the liquid to the gaseous statela production est passée de 20 à 30/de 30 à 20 tonnes output has gone (up) from 20 to 30/(down) from 30 to 20 tonnescomment êtes-vous passé du cinéma au théâtre? how did you move ou make the transition from the cinema to the stage?il passe d'une idée à l'autre he jumps ou flits from one idea to another4. AUTOMOBILEpasser en troisième to change ou go into third (gear)D.[EXPRIME UNE ÉVOLUTION DANS LE TEMPS]la journée est passée agréablement the day went off ou passed pleasantly2. [s'estomper - douleur] to fade (away), to wear off ; [ - malaise] to disappear ; [ - mode, engouement] to die out ; [ - enthousiasme] to wear off, to fade ; [ - beauté] to fade, to wane ; [ - chance, jeunesse] to pass ; [ - mauvaise humeur] to pass, to vanish ; [ - rage, tempête] to die down ; [ - averse] to die down, to stopfaire passer: ce médicament fait passer la douleur très rapidement this medicine relieves pain very quickly[se faner - fleur] to wilt[pâlir - teinte]4. (auxiliaire avoir) (vieilli) [mourir]il a passé cette nuit he passed on ou away last night————————[pase] verbe transitif (auxiliaire avoir)A.[EXPRIME UN DÉPLACEMENT]1. [traverser - pont, col de montagne] to go over (inseparable), to cross ; [ - écluse] to go through (inseparable)2. [franchir - frontière, ligne d'arrivée] to crosspasser l'arrêt de l'autobus [le manquer] to miss one's bus stoppasser le cap Horn to (go) round Cape Horn, to round the Capequand on passe les 1 000 mètres d'altitude when you go over 1,000 metres highl'or a passé les 400 dollars l'once gold has broken through the $ 400 an ounce mark4. [transporter] to ferry ou to take across (separable)5. [introduire]passer de la drogue/des cigarettes en fraude to smuggle drugs/cigarettes6. [engager - partie du corps] to putpasser son bras autour de la taille de quelqu'un to put ou to slip one's arm round somebody's waistje n'arrive pas à passer ma tête dans l'encolure de cette robe my head won't go through the neck of the dress7. [faire aller - instrument] to runpasse le balai dans l'escalier give the stairs a sweep, sweep the stairs9. SPORT [franchir - obstacle, haie] to jump (over)[transmettre - ballon] to passB.[EXPRIME UNE ACTION]1. [se soumettre à - permis de conduire] to take ; [ - examen] to take, to sit (UK) ; [ - entretien] to have ; [ - scanner, visite médicale] to have, to go for (inseparable)il a passé l'écrit, mais attendons l'oral he's passed the written exam, but let's see what happens in the oralje passe toutes les descriptions dans ses romans I miss out ou I skip all the descriptions in her novels4. [tolérer]passez-moi l'expression/le mot if you'll pardon the expression/excuse the term5. [soumettre à l'action de]passer des légumes au mixeur to put vegetables through the blender, to blend vegetablespasser quelque chose sous l'eau to rinse something ou to give something a rinse under the tappasser quelque chose à quelqu'un (familier) to give somebody a good dressing-down, to tick somebody off (UK)se faire passer quelque chose (familier) to get a good ticking off (UK), to get a good chewing-out (US)6. [donner, transmettre - généralement] to pass, to hand, to give ; [ - maladie] to give ; [ - au téléphone] to put through (separable)je te passe Fred here's Fred, I'll hand you over to Fredpasse-moi Annie let me talk to Annie, put Annie on7. [rendre public - annonce]8. (familier) [prêter] to lendje vais te passer de la crème dans le dos I'm going to put ou to rub some cream on your back11. [enfiler - vêtement] to slip ou to put on (separable)12. AUTOMOBILEpasser la troisième to change ou to shift into third gear[diapositive] to showRADIO [émission] to broadcast14. COMMERCE [conclure - entente] to conclude, to come to (inseparable), to reach ; [ - marché] to agree on (inseparable), to strike, to reach ; [ - commande] to placeC.[EXPRIME UNE NOTION TEMPORELLE]1. [employer - durée] to spendpassez un bon week-end/une bonne soirée! have a nice weekend/evening!as-tu passé une bonne nuit? did you sleep well last night?, did you have a good night?elle ne passera pas la nuit she won't see the night out, she won't last the night3. [assouvir - envie] to satisfy————————passer après verbe plus prépositionil faut le faire libérer, le reste passe après we must get him released, everything else is secondary————————passer avant verbe plus prépositionto go ou to come beforeses intérêts passent avant tout his own interests come before anything else, he puts his own interests before everything else————————passer par verbe plus préposition1. [dans une formation] to go through2. [dans une évolution] to go through, to undergole pays est passé par toutes les formes de gouvernement the country has experienced every form of government3. [recourir à] to go throughpour comprendre, il faut être passé par là you have to have experienced it to understand————————passer pour verbe plus préposition1. [avec nom] to be thought of asje vais passer pour un idiot I'll be taken for ou people will take me for an idiot2. [avec adj]3. [avec verbe]elle passe pour descendre d'une famille noble she is said to be descended from an aristocratic family————————passer sur verbe plus préposition[excuser] to overlookpassons sur les détails let's pass over ou skip the detailspassons! let's say no more about it!, let's drop it!tu me l'avais promis, mais passons! you promised me, but never mind!————————se passer verbe pronominal intransitifla soirée s'est passée tranquillement the evening went by ou passed quietlyqu'est-ce qui se passe? what's happening?, what's going on?il se passe que ton frère vient d'être arrêté, (voilà ce qui se passe)! your brother's just been arrested, that's what's!il ne se passe pas une semaine sans qu'il perde de l'argent aux courses not a week goes by without him losing money on the horses3. [se dérouler - dans certaines conditions] to go (off)l'opération s'est bien/mal passée the operation went (off) smoothly/badlysi tout se passe bien, nous y serons demain if all goes well, we'll be there tomorrowtout se passe comme prévu everything's going according to plan ou going as planned————————se passer verbe pronominal transitifil se passa un peigne/la main dans les cheveux he ran a comb/his fingers through his hair————————se passer de verbe pronominal plus préposition1. [vivre sans] to do ou to go without2. [s'abstenir]3. [ne pas avoir besoin de]————————en passant locution adverbiale1. [dans la conversation] in passingfaire une remarque en passant to remark in passing, to make a casual remark2. [sur son chemin]il s'arrête de temps à autre en passant he calls on his way by ou past from time to time————————en passant par locution prépositionnelle————————1. [dans l'espace] vial'avion va à Athènes en passant par Londres the plane goes to Athens via London ou stops in London on its way to Athens2. [dans une énumération] (and) including -
14 פעפעַ
פִּעְפֵּעַ(v. פְּעַע) 1) to crush, crumble. Y.Yoma I, 38c bot. אנו פִּעְפַּעְנוּ את הכתלים we (through our sins) have smashed the walls (with ref. to Ps. 137:7); Midr. Till. to Ps. l. c. Y.Sabb.VII, 9d sq. המְפַעְפֵּעַ גושים he that crushes clods. 2) to spread; to pierce, penetrate. Y.Orl.I, 61a השרשים מְפַעְפְּעִין אותו the roots pierce it (the pot). B. Bath.10a ברזל קשה אור מְפַעְפְּעוֹ iron is hard, fire penetrates it; Koh. R. to VII, 26 והאש מְפַעְפַּעְתּוֹ. Ḥull.105a החמין מפעפעין את הידיםוכ׳ hot water enters into the skin of the hands, but does not wash away the fatty substance. Lam. R. to IV, 9 היה אותו הריח מפעפע בהםוכ׳ the flavor permeated them (creating a morbid appetite), and they died. Lev. R. s. 16, v. עֶכֶן. Y.Snh.X, 28d top והיה ריחו מפעפע and the flavor of wine spread. Y.Ḥag.II, 77b bot.; Ruth R. to III, 13; Koh. R. to VII, 8, v. כֶּרֶס; a. e. -
15 פִּעְפֵּעַ
פִּעְפֵּעַ(v. פְּעַע) 1) to crush, crumble. Y.Yoma I, 38c bot. אנו פִּעְפַּעְנוּ את הכתלים we (through our sins) have smashed the walls (with ref. to Ps. 137:7); Midr. Till. to Ps. l. c. Y.Sabb.VII, 9d sq. המְפַעְפֵּעַ גושים he that crushes clods. 2) to spread; to pierce, penetrate. Y.Orl.I, 61a השרשים מְפַעְפְּעִין אותו the roots pierce it (the pot). B. Bath.10a ברזל קשה אור מְפַעְפְּעוֹ iron is hard, fire penetrates it; Koh. R. to VII, 26 והאש מְפַעְפַּעְתּוֹ. Ḥull.105a החמין מפעפעין את הידיםוכ׳ hot water enters into the skin of the hands, but does not wash away the fatty substance. Lam. R. to IV, 9 היה אותו הריח מפעפע בהםוכ׳ the flavor permeated them (creating a morbid appetite), and they died. Lev. R. s. 16, v. עֶכֶן. Y.Snh.X, 28d top והיה ריחו מפעפע and the flavor of wine spread. Y.Ḥag.II, 77b bot.; Ruth R. to III, 13; Koh. R. to VII, 8, v. כֶּרֶס; a. e.
См. также в других словарях:
Iron — Fe redirects here. For other uses, see Fe (disambiguation). This article is about the chemical element. For other uses, see Iron (disambiguation). manganese … Wikipedia
Iron filings — are very small pieces of iron that look like a dark powder. They are very often used in science demonstrations to show the direction of a magnetic field. Since iron is a ferromagnetic material, a magnetic field induces each particle to become a… … Wikipedia
Iron Age — This article is about the historical / archaeological period known as the Iron Age. For the mythological Iron Age, see Ages of Man. Iron Age This box: view · talk · … Wikipedia
Iron Flag — Infobox Album Name = Iron Flag Type = studio Artist = Wu Tang Clan Released = December 18, 2001 Recorded = late 2001 Genre = East Coast hip hop, hardcore hip hop Length = Label = Loud/Columbia/SME Records CK 86236 Producer = RZA, True Master,… … Wikipedia
iron carbide — noun a chemical compound that is a constituent of steel and cast iron; very hard and brittle • Syn: ↑cementite • Hypernyms: ↑compound, ↑chemical compound • Substance Holonyms: ↑pearlite * * * noun … Useful english dictionary
White iron — White White (hw[imac]t), a. [Compar. {Whiter} (hw[imac]t [ e]r); superl. {Whitest}.] [OE. whit, AS. hw[imac]t; akin to OFries. and OS. hw[=i]t, D. wit, G. weiss, OHG. w[=i]z, hw[=i]z, Icel. hv[=i]tr, Sw. hvit, Dan. hvid, Goth. hweits, Lith.… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
White iron pyrites — White White (hw[imac]t), a. [Compar. {Whiter} (hw[imac]t [ e]r); superl. {Whitest}.] [OE. whit, AS. hw[imac]t; akin to OFries. and OS. hw[=i]t, D. wit, G. weiss, OHG. w[=i]z, hw[=i]z, Icel. hv[=i]tr, Sw. hvit, Dan. hvid, Goth. hweits, Lith.… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
cementite — FE3C Iron carbide. A hard substance found in cast iron … Dictionary of automotive terms
percussion instrument — a musical instrument, as the drum, cymbal, triangle, xylophone, or piano, that is struck to produce a sound, as distinguished from string or wind instruments. [1870 75] * * * A musical instrument that is struck (or sometimes shaken or scraped) to … Universalium
Adamant — Adamantand similar words are used to refer to any especially hard substance, whether composed of diamond, some other gemstone, or some type of metal. Both adamant and diamond derive from the Greek word αδαμας ( adamas ), meaning untameable .… … Wikipedia
Alloy — This article is about the type of material. For the specification language, see Alloy (specification language). For lightweight auto wheels, see alloy wheel. Steel is a metal alloy whose major component is iron, with carbon content between 0.02%… … Wikipedia